Meanwhile, Star Wars: The Force Awakens takes place 34 years After the Battle of Yavin (in 34 ABY). Now that all that's taken care of, let's start with an at-a-glance guide to the Star Wars timeline. The painstakingly rendered planetary matte paintings of STAR WARS are rich in detail and are wide open for interpretation and analysis as if they were photographs of real worlds made by space probes. Using images of a spherical celestial object as seen from far away in space, the positions of features on the surface can be investigated as follows.

• 100+ Star Wars Trivia Questions and Answers to Feel the Force 2020 By Katee Fletcher Updated April 21. In the Star Wars Holiday Special which ocean planet was.
• Star Wars Clone Wars Planetary Forces This was an old flash game of the 2003 Clone Wars on the cartoon network website. It was restored and playable on a new website sometime after the removal of the cartoon network website. Does anyone know where/if this still exists somewhere?

The Science of Star Wars

From light speed to hyper drives to lightsabers and autonomous robots, Star Wars was certainly way ahead of its time despite occurring a long time ago.

The technologies of tomorrow were on full display as Luke, Leia, Han and the Rebel Alliance fought Darth Vader’s Galactic Empire beginning in 1977. Some have become reality (holograms, heads-up displays, robotic arms). Others are in sight (landing people on other planets, robots in every home). Some may never be (manmade stars and, sadly, real lightsabers).

As the Force awakens, 38 years after it was born, Georgia Tech faculty members discuss the science, and science fiction, of Star Wars.

Han Solo isn’t a bashful hero. So it’s no surprise that it took him only a few moments after we first met him to brag that his Millennium Falcon was the “fastest ship in the galaxy.” But how fast is fast? Solo said his ship can go .5 past light speed.

In this edition of Tech+Knowledge+Y, School of Physics Associate Professor Deirdre Shoemaker explains how fast light speed really is, why it’s not fast enough and what needs to happen for something to actually travel 186,000 miles per second. Click to play.

One is an academic. The other is an author. Lisa Yaszek (professor) and Kathleen Ann Goonan (award-winning novelist and professor of the practice) team up to explain science fiction and Star Wars. They discuss the appeal of the series, its role on females and how the original movie changed science fiction forever.

Kathy Goonan: Before Star Wars came along, science fiction at the movies mostly meant monsters or aliens. But 1977 changed everything, and the film became the first science fiction story to become a major movie franchise. George Lucas made it really easy to understand our genre: you just had to go to the theater. Suddenly print science fiction wasn’t as compelling.

Lisa Yaszek: It definitely changed the landscape. It showed Hollywood that science fiction could be popular. People didn’t need to have a deep background to understand it.

Still from Star Wars: A New Hope. Credit: Lucasfilm Ltd. | The Walt Disney Company. Source: starwars.com

Why was it so successful?

Goonan: It’s the stories. Twins separated at birth. A son who has lost his father. A father redeemed at the end. The original trilogy focused on ancient tales with the depth and power of myth, and was resonant with their energy. But Star Wars began with a weirdly compelling twist: it happened a long time ago in a different galaxy –implying that these myths are universal, and evolve in all settings, perhaps many times over. It’s a science fictional fairy tale. Something for everyone.

Yaszek: You have everything, including a romance between a rebel princess and a gallant rogue – and the rehabilitation of the rogue by the end of the series. You also see a cast of human and non-human characters. But even though that’s true science fiction, it was safe because the movies focused on the relationships of the characters. If you really liked science fiction, it was easy to find the sci-fi hooks. But if you didn’t, you still enjoyed it because the themes were familiar.

Still from Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back. Credit: Lucasfilm Ltd. | The Walt Disney Company. Source: starwars.com

What were some of those hooks?

Yaszek: Science fiction people love to talk about this thing called the “megatext.” That’s how all the themes and tropes of the genre fit together and get reworked time and time again. In fact, a science fiction novelist from the 1940s, Leigh Brackett, actually wrote the first script of The Empire Strikes Back. So that was cool for us. It’s also obvious that George Lucas knows his science fiction history. You know the scroll of text at the beginning of each movie? That’s an homage to the 1930s and ’40s, when Flash Gordon and Buck Rogers short films scrolled words on the screen before the movie started in order to fill in the back story for audiences.

Still from Star Wars: A New Hope. Credit: Lucasfilm Ltd. | The Walt Disney Company. Source: starwars.com

You both saw the original in the theater in 1977. What sticks with you the most nearly 40 years later?

Goonan: From the moment the opening scene rolled, I was immersed – literally. I bought it completely. The majestic sound track, one of the first to use a quadraphonic “surround sound” system, sounded better than movies had ever sounded before. Visually, it fulfilled the potential of screen sci-fi as a medium for conveying the vastness of space, and, with its “long ago and far away” setting, the vastness of time. Combined with a compelling story, it showed me what science fiction could be like on the big screen: exciting and engaging. It was one of those great communal experiences: everyone went to see it, often more than once. Also, I loved seeing all the technologies brought to life, including the Death Star. Of course, being out there in space was pretty cool too.

Yaszek: It was a movie that made room for women as heroes. Princess Leia has moments of real strength. She’s the leader of a rebellion and can smart talk her way around any of the characters. I remember how much that appealed to me as a kid. I could find, as a girl, a place for myself in the future. I didn’t always see that in science fiction.

Also, these are stories about how you turn men into weapons. Anakin Skywalker starts as a good guy. By the end, he’s a horrible weapon that takes out everything. We’re now in an era of very serious global wars. We increasingly understand that soldiers who experience war come home transformed and different, and that it can be hard for them to stop being a weapon or a soldier and become “human” again. Star Wars explored these themes with Darth Vader and even Luke Skywalker, who loses an arm, gains a cyborg arm, starts dressing in black, and has to make tough decisions while being conditioned by his life as a warrior.

Star Wars: The Force Awakens. Credit: Lucasfilm Ltd. | The Walt Disney Company. Source: starwars.com

Using your science fiction expertise, what do you expect from the new movie?

Star Wars Planetary Security Forces

Goonan: My high expectations are that they’ll be able to build on what has gone on before in a way that not only incorporates the mythos and excitement of Star Wars, but also transcends it and shows us something new. I don’t know what will be, but I know that’s how it will be a success.

Yaszek: I’m with Kathy on that. And if anyone can do it, it is J.J. Abrams. With his Star Trek reboot, I thought he brought new depth to a very familiar story. He can really draw out the human depths of what could otherwise be very silly stories. I need to see that in the new movies: give depth to characters I’ve known my entire life.

Goonan: Make it new without destroying what is past. We must discover something new about the characters and learn more about space, technology and science. I have my expectations. I hope they’re realized.

The Star Wars universe depicts a diverse set of worlds containing a variety of inhabitants. Could such worlds exist in our universe? John Wise, the Dunn Family Assistant Professor in the School of Physics, studies early galaxies and distant objects in the universe. He wonders if there are planets somewhere out there that resemble the ones imagined by George Lucas.

Until 1991, the only planets known to humans were in our Solar System. In that same year, astronomers discovered the first extrasolar planet, now dubbed as exoplanets, by measuring the Doppler shift of stellar spectral lines, effectively witnessing the planet play gravitational tug-of-war with its parent star as it orbits. Over the next decade or so, astronomers refined their planet hunting skills and found more than 30 exoplanets.

This all changed with the launch of NASA's Kepler Mission, which continually monitored a patch of sky for brightness variations in 150,000 stars. Any dip in brightness can be caused by a planet passing in front of its star, blocking a small fraction of its light. In its four-year run, Kepler detected and confirmed nearly 2,000 planetary systems, ranging from “Hot Jupiters” to frozen, rocky worlds. Intriguingly, a select few lie within the Goldilocks zone where liquid water could exist because the planet isn’t too hot or too cold.

This planetary diversity is also seen in Star Wars – Endor, the home of the Ewoks, that orbits a gaseous giant planet; Hoth, where Luke Skywalker almost froze to death; Alderaan, a blue-green orb not unlike our Earth until it was destroyed by the Death Star; and Tatooine, Luke and Anakin Skywalker's home planet. One of the most vivid scenes of Episode IV happens when Luke gazes toward the horizon at a binary sunset. When the original was released in 1977, such a scene was restricted to the sci-fi realm, but this is no longer the case. Kepler has now discovered 10 planets that orbit binary star systems, whose possible inhabitants see a similar sight every day.

The Kepler Mission was just the first step in humankind's discovery of planetary systems in the Milky Way. It only observed 1/400^th of the sky. It could only detect planets out to 3,000 light years, which is tiny compared to the Milky Way's size of 100,000 light years. Using Kepler's detections, astronomers have estimated that there could be as many as 40 billion planets in our galaxy. But that is only one galaxy! Imagine how many planets are littered among the 100 billion galaxies in the observable universe. Perhaps planets from a long time ago in a galaxy far, far away?

Even though C-3PO and R2-D2 lived (in a galaxy) a long time ago, today’s roboticists still haven’t found a way to create their current-day cousins. The College of Computing’s Sonia Chernova is one of many on campus trying to bring robots out of the lab and into the world so that people can have their own droids.

Robots tend to be on one extreme or the other these days. One kind is found on Mars, battlefields and in operating rooms. These robots are extensions of humans – they’re rarely autonomous because a human is always in the loop.

Others are autonomous. We see this mostly on manufacturing floors, where machines are programmed to do the same repetitive task with extreme precision. Not only are they limited by what they can do, but they’re also often separated from people for safety reasons.

I’m focused on something in the middle. Full autonomy for personal robots would be great, but it’s not yet practical given today’s technology. Humans are too unpredictable and environments are ever changing. Rather than setting 100 percent autonomy as the goal for getting robots into our lives, we should deploy them when they’re simply “good enough.” Once they’re with us, they can learn the rest.

Here’s an example: in hospitals, a delivery robot could pass out towels and medication. If it were to get stuck leaving a room, the machine could call a command center where a human technician would figure out the problem and free the robot. Here’s the key: every time a person made a fix, the robot would keep that new information and use it to perform differently the next time it leaves the room. With humans in the mix, this robot could learn from its mistakes and continually push toward 100 percent autonomy.

As for R2-D2 and his friends, we’re not that far from personal robots. I don’t think we’ll have to clean our houses in 20 years because we’ll have robot helpers. I’m not sure what they’ll cost or if people will psychologically be ready to give up that part of their lives, but we’ll have the software and hardware in place to make it happen.

What would it be like to master the Force and lift a spaceship with the tip of your finger like Yoda in The Empire Strikes Back? Nepomuk Otte and Flavio Fenton in the School of Physics say there are a few things you might want to consider.

Toonami Games Plus Lost Data Blog: Clone Wars: Planetary Forces

Otte: Didn't we learn from physics classes about Newton’s third law? For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. If true, it would mean that when Yoda exerts a force on the X-wing, Luke Skywalker’s spaceship should also exert the same amount of force on Yoda. So why doesn't the little fella get squished like a mosquito?

Violating action and reaction would shatter one of the most sacred laws in physics – momentum conservation. But Yoda moves the spacecraft with ease and shuffles away unscathed. The Jedi Master must be surrounded by some sort of shield that absorbs the reaction part of the force. When you attempt to use the Force, make sure you have one of those shields too or you might suffer the consequences.

Still from The Empire Strikes Back. Credit: Lucasfilm Ltd. | The Walt Disney Company. Source: starwars.com

Fenton: Can the Force be a new interaction that we haven’t discovered yet?
When the Death Star’s superlaser destroyed Princess Leia’s home planet of Alderaan, Obi-Wan Kenobi delivered one of the saga’s most famous quotes.

'I felt a great disturbance in the Force, as if millions of voices suddenly cried out in terror and were suddenly silenced. I fear something terrible has happened.' ―Obi-Wan Kenobi.

The death of the entire planet sent shock waves through the Force, weakening those who were able to feel them. That included Obi-Wan, who briefly became faint. This action at a distance is explained in physics by what is called a field. For example, we are well aware of gravitational and electromagnetic fields. Objects that are affected by a field carry 'something' that allows them to interact. For gravity, it is mass. For electricity, it is charge.

Because there is a Light and a Dark Side of the Force, a field would require that we assume two types of charges, similar to positive and negative charges in the electromagnetic force. Here’s an example: Darth Vader can strangle people by using the Force without physical contact. That means his victims would have to carry both types of charges in equal amounts, and the effects of the two types cancel each other. How does it happen?

One explanation is that the dark force Vader unleashes attracts the light charge of his victim, leaving the person unbalanced with an excess of dark charge. In this case, all the dark charges then try to come together along the neck, squeezing and nearly choking the person to death. This means that unlike electric charge, particles with equal force charges attract and repel when they have different charges. This could explain why a neutral force charge is common to all objects. It could also explain why the Dark Side has an addictive aspect: when a Jedi turns to the Dark Side, it’s a slippery slope filled with continuous evil.

Going just a bit deeper for my fellow physics fanatics ­– if we were to study the Force from a subatomic level, we should consider that like any other interaction we know in nature, there exist force carriers. These are particles that give rise to forces between other particles. For example, the electromagnetic force between two electrons can be explained by the exchange of virtual photons and gravitation by the exchange of virtual gravitons. Therefore the two Force charges should have a carrier. Should we call them Jedi-nos? Should the Large Hadron Collider search for these new particles now that it has found the Higgs particle?

May the Force be with you.

Related Story: Star Wars vs. Star Trek

Few educational institutions love their science fiction like Georgia Tech, and that includes students, faculty, and staff alike. Earlier this year, the Georgia Tech Alumni Magazine asked a well-known Trekkie and a would-be Sith Lord to weigh in on the matter, hopefully settling the debate once and for all.

CREDITS

Writer: Jason Maderer
Digital Design: Melanie Goux
Sources for images: Lucasfilm Ltd. | The Walt Disney Company and NASA/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle

In 'Star Wars: The Force Awakens,' an evil military junta called the First Order has risen from the ruins of the Galactic Empire, and is waging war against with a particularly frightening new weapon. Starkiller Base, as it's called, is an icy planet that's essentially been converted into a giant ray gun, capable of obliterating an entire distant solar system with a single shot.

The bad guys upped their game considerably since the first 'Star Wars' movie, in which the Empire's ultimate weapon was the Death Star, a moon-sized space station with the ability to destroy a planet.

As the official Star Wars website explains, Starkiller somehow harvests energy from the star it orbits, and then contains it within magnetic fields inside the base's planetary core. That energy is then harnessed and converted into an 'ultra-powerful beam' that can blast through hyperspace — apparently a so-called wormhole in the time-space continuum in which incredible distances can be covered at speeds faster than light.

When the beam comes out at the other end of hyperspace, those in its path are doomed. The Starkiller's beam is 'able to sterilize the worlds of a distant star system with a single shot,' we're told.

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The Nitty-Gritty Starkiller Mechanics

As often happens in science fiction, the details of how Starkiller would actually work are left to the audience's imagination. And if you've suspended disbelief and immersed yourself in the 'Star Wars' fictional universe, the idea of a weapon so immensely powerful probably doesn't seem any harder to buy than lightsabers, talking robots with human-like personalities, and The Force itself. In the actual universe that we live in, though, is a solar system-killing weapon even remotely conceivable? And if so, how would someone build it?

University of Glasgow professor Martin A. Hendry, head of the university's School of Physics and Astronomy and an occasional lecturer on the physics of 'Star Wars,' says that that though the Starkiller is fantasy, it has at least a little reality mixed in.

'The Sun's magnetic field is very important in funneling hot plasma, an ionized gas, close to its surface,' says Hendry in an email. 'We see these huge ribbons of hot gas as prominences, and they can be the cause of violent eruptions known as solar flares that send large amounts of hot gas across the solar system — producing displays of northern lights when the plasma hits our atmosphere.'

A really powerful flare, he says, could create an electromagnetic pulse with extremely destructive effects. 'It basically would send our technology back to the Stone Age,' says Hendry, but it wouldn't be enough to wipe out the planet, the way that Starkiller supposedly can.

Hendry says the idea of using magnetic fields to contain and direct beams of plasma — which is pretty close to what Starkiller supposedly does — is based on perfectly sound physics.

'Where it jumps the shark is the way that the plasma is being directed from the star to the planet with the Starkiller base through apparently empty space,' he says. 'How does the Starkiller base generate a sufficiently intense magnetic field to re-direct so much of the star's plasma towards it? I thought the effects during that sequence looked great, but the physics wasn't very sound I'm afraid.'

While the idea of stealing energy from a star to power a weapon seems like the way to go, 'it's just not clear how you do it,' says Hendry.

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Actual Star Death

When stars are wiped out in the real universe, they often do it to themselves, by blowing up into supernovas when they run out of fuel. Another way that a star can be destroyed is if it collides with a black hole, whose intense gravity creates forces that literally can tear a star apart if it comes too close, according to an article on NASA's website.

When that happens, the event is called a tidal disruption, and most of the resulting debris is sucked toward the black hole by its gravitational force. As that happens, the debris is heated to millions of degrees in temperature, and generates an enormous amount of X-ray radiation until the debris falls beyond the black hole's event horizon, a point from which no light can escape.

Astronomers actually have used NASA's Chandra X-Ray Observatory, the European Space Agency's XMM-Newton and the Swift Gamma Ray Burst Explorer in concert to observe a black hole's destruction of a star, in an event called ASASSN-14li, which was first discovered in November 2014. The real-life star killer is a black hole located in the center of PGC 043234, a galaxy about 290 million light years from Earth, which is estimated to weigh several million times the mass of our Sun. Here's a video animation illustrating what it looked like.

Pretty cool, huh?

But in order to use a black hole as a star-killing weapon, you'd need to be able to build and control one. Back in 1989, a British scientist, Martyn J. Fogg, published a paper in which he suggested somehow placing a manmade black hole on Jupiter, and then using it to generate enough energy to warm the temperatures on the giant planet's moon Europa to Earthlike levels.

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Can We Actually Kill a Star?

Star Wars Planetary Defence Forces

That's something that, if possible, is way, way beyond anything that engineers can do today. In 2010, though, Chinese researchers did get some attention by building a device called an omnidirectional electromagnetic absorber that they likened to a 'mini black hole,' in that it could absorb microwave radiation in the manner that an astrophysical black hole could swallow up a star and its energy.

As you might imagine, they'd have to scale up that man-made version of a black hole quite a bit to have a weapon as potent as Starkiller. Until they do, we'll just have to rely upon George Lucas' special effects for stellar annihilation.